Undergrad Spotlight: Ross Kirshenbaum

At the School of Environmental and Forest Sciences (SEFS), our students bring all sorts of backgrounds and interests—in and out of the classroom—and you’d be hard-pressed to put an easy label on any two of them, let along the whole bunch. But if you had to pinpoint a common thread or shared passion, you could pretty safely assume that most of our students come armed with a healthy sense of adventure.

Ross Kirshenbaum
After a year-long internship in Nicaragua, Ross Kirshenbaum is back in Seattle for his final quarter of undergraduate study.

That spirit of exploration, of testing comfort zones and extending boundaries, is definitely a driving force for Ross Kirshenbaum, a senior Environmental Science and Resource Management major at SEFS.

Kirshenbaum, who grew up in Bellevue, recently returned from a year-long internship in Nicaragua. He kept a detailed blog, called “Aventurero,” of his projects and travels, including one of the highlights of his experience—a solo bus trip home through Central America. He’s back in Seattle with one more quarter to go before graduating, so we caught up with him a couple weeks ago to learn more about his time abroad! (You can catch him yourself this Thursday, October 17, at 2:30 p.m. in Anderson 22, where he’ll be giving a presentation about his Nicaragua experience.)

How It Started
“I knew I wanted to study abroad, and I’d always wanted to travel and learn Spanish,” says Kirshenbaum. So one day during his junior year he walked into the UW Study Abroad office and met with one of the advisors, Shannon Koller, for a drop-in meeting. The first position she showed him, as it happened, was for an internship working with two non-governmental organizations: AsoFénix, based in Nicaragua, and Green Empowerment, based in Portland, Ore.

Ross Kirshenbaum
Except for when he was in the office in Managua, Kirshenbaum spent most of his time in rural communities, working hands-on with small-scale farmers.

The internship would place in Kirshenbaum with AsoFénix in Nicaragua for up to a year. He wouldn’t take any classes; it would be largely self-directed, and he’d be diving right in to projects in local towns and villages, or working in the office in the capital city of Managua. “That’s how I learn, hands-on, so much more than in the classroom,” he says. And the more he learned about the program, the more he was hooked.

Through technology assistance and education, AsoFénix works in rural communities around Nicaragua to help them develop renewable energy sources without sacrificing the environment. These projects, ranging from building solar-powered irrigation systems to installing a wind turbine to provide basic electricity to a small village, have a strong empowerment angle. AsoFénix provides materials, initial costs and technical training, but the community decides which projects they want to implement, and they elect leadership to manage and maintain the infrastructure afterwards. Also, the community eventually pays back the cost of the equipment and investment, so they end up owning and having a full stake in the project.

“This is perfect,” Kirshenbaum thought. He kept looking and considered a few other options, but it didn’t take long to realize he was sold on Nicaragua. Koller then pointed him to several scholarship opportunities that could help cover the expenses for the internship, which would actually be cheaper, he learned, than most study abroad programs. He applied for three scholarships—and ended up getting awarded all three—and together they funded his full year, including his flight, lodging and even Spanish immersion (he would end up coming home nearly fluent).

In Country
What he discovered in Nicaragua—from the people to the culture to the work—truly captivated him. “It was a dream job,” says Kirshenbaum. “I was working more than I would for a job here, but I absolutely loved what I was doing, and I just felt like that was such a good way to immerse myself in a culture.”

Ross Kirshenbaum
Kirshenbaum says it was an incredible experience to make friends in a different country, and in a different language and culture.

Thanks to strong guidance and support from his mentors at Green Empowerment and AsoFénix, Kirshenbaum says he was able to maximize his opportunities and tackle all sorts of projects. “Half the time I was in rural Nicaragua working with farmers, making compost, planting, sowing, weeding—very physical, manual work,” he says. “The other half, I was in the office in Managua, developing partnerships with other organizations teaching organic agriculture, and developing a curriculum with an agronomist to organize workshops with farmers. If I got stir crazy in the office, I’d go out to the countryside. If I missed taking a shower with running water, I was back in the city.”

One of the biggest challenges of being so immersed and isolated in a foreign culture, though, was the separation from friends back home—and having one personal relationship fall apart while he was abroad. “It was hard to be away from friends and family, and it made it so much more intense when you have no support network,” says Kirshenbaum. “But again, I felt like the connections and friendships I made with friends in Nicaragua really helped me through it. That was a really beautiful experience, to call on friendships you’ve made in another language, in another culture—and people are there for you. It made me want to be a kinder person, here and there. You really see the value of going out of your way to make someone feel comfortable, that there’s somebody there for you.”

From those friendships to all the time and projects in rural communities, Kirshenbaum says it’s hard to quantify everything he gained from the internship. “I don’t where to begin,” he says. “It was one of those experiences where the whole time I was thinking, ‘I’m doing the right thing.’ This is what my life needed, and I just feel so fortunate to have this opportunity.”

Ross Kirshenbaum
Kirshenbaum is organizing a return trip to Nicaragua for this spring, when he hopes to bring a group of UW students down with him for an intensive week of work in the field.

Not all of his takeaways were so intangible. Kirshenbaum also came home with a few bottles of the famous Nicaraguan rum, as well as a real taste for buñuelos, which are basically friend dough balls made from yucca and grated cheese. “You mash them up and fry these little dumplings,” he says, “and you dump them in a honey you make from water, brown sugar and cinnamon, and you boil that until it turns into a syrup. It has a distinct smoky flavor, and you have this savory and sweet combo. It’s so good!”

What’s Next?
“I’ve been asking myself that nonstop,” says Kirshenbaum. “Ultimately, I want to farm, and this experience drove that home. I want to produce food for people, and I’d love to have educational components around it. I kind of have a dream of starting a nonprofit around that concept in a city. The next step for that professional goal would be to intern on some farms and start learning the ropes really well. I have a lot of hands-on experience now, but I need to spend a couple years working on a farm in the United States.”

Kirshenbaum also wants to do more traveling in the next few years. But he knows that as soon as he starts working on a farm—and especially if he has his own farm—that’s where he’s going to be, and straying too far will be a lot more difficult.

In fact, he’s already angling for a return trip to Nicaragua this spring. He’s hoping to organize a group of 10 to 12 other students to spend about seven days working with small-scale farmers in the rural communities he got to know during his internship. It would be an intensive cultural learning experience out in the rural communities, and Kirshenbaum has been working with the study abroad office to try to get some course credit attached, and possibly some help with fundraising and scholarships for interested students; you can send Kirshenbaum an email for more information.

After that, he says he might spend a few months with his sister in Brooklyn. She has a young daughter, and Kirshenbaum says he’d love to babysit his niece in exchange for free rent in the spare bedroom—at least until he nails down his next move!

Photos © Ross Kirshenbaum.

Ross Kirshenbaum


Professor Moskal Delivers Keynote Address at Conference in Beijing

SEFS Professor Monika Moskal just returned from a week-long trip to China, which included giving a keynote address—“LiDAR for the Measurement and Monitoring of Forest Ecosystem Services”—at the 2013 SilviLaser conference in Beijing, October 9-11 (the “13th International Conference on LiDAR Applications for Assessing Forest Ecosystems”).

Monika Moskal
Professor Moskal’s tour guides, Zhongya and Guang, taking her on a tour of Beijing.

During her trip, Professor Moskal had the opportunity to catch up with one of her former graduate students at SEFS, Guang Zheng, who is now an associate professor of remote sensing at Nanjing University. Guang’s Ph.D. work, which resulted in five peer-reviewed publications, was funded by Moskal’s grant through the National Science Foundation’s Center for Advanced Forestry Systems. Guang is continuing his work with terrestrial LiDAR, and one of his students presented a paper—with Moskal as a collaborator—about classifying point cloud data into ground, leaf and trunk points. This is a breakthrough in LiDAR analysis, says Moskal, as the method is not sensor dependent and can be applied to any 3-D point cloud data (including aerial LiDAR).

Another presenter at the conference was Zhongya Zhang, who was a visiting student in Moskal’s lab for two years. Zhongya presented their work in collaboration with another SEFS student, Alexandra Kazakova, on using hyperspectral imagery and LiDAR to classify forest tree species. This work was funded by McIntire-Stennis funds, as well as the Precision Forestry Cooperative.

Also, a day before the SilviLaser conference, Moskal was invited to address a group of students and faculty at the University of Geosciences in Beijing. She spoke about the hyper-resolution remote sensing research that is a big focus and specialty of her Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis Laboratory at SEFS.

Photos © Monika Moskal.

Monika Moskal
Professor Moskal, center, with her hosts, Guang and Zhongya, at the SilviLaser conference.

Pileated Woodpeckers in Suburban Seattle?

This Friday, October 18, the Olympic Natural Resources Center (ONRC) in Forks, Wash., will be hosting the second presentation as part of its new monthly speaker series, “Evening Talks at ONRC.”

Jorge Tomasevic
Jorge Tomasevic

Each month, a graduate student or other regional expert will give a public talk to engage members of the Forks and surrounding communities in exciting research projects throughout the state. SEFS graduate student Laurel Peelle kicked off the speaker series on Saturday, September 21, to great success—and an enthusiastic round of questions afterward!

This next event, which will begin at the ONRC campus at 7 p.m., features Jorge Tomasevic for his talk, “A New Neighbor on the Block: Pileated Woodpeckers in Seattle’s Suburban Areas.”

Part of the Wildlife Science Group at SEFS—and currently working toward his Ph.D.—Tomasevic originally came to the United States as a Fulbright Fellow from Chile. From the cold forests of Patagonia to the arid desert of Atacama, from the native forests and struggling exotic pine plantations to the heights of an island in the Pacific Ocean or up high in the Andes, Tomasevic has participated in several research projects dealing with the ecology and conservation of forest birds and endangered species in Chile—and now in the Pacific Northwest.

“Most of us think of the Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) as a mature or even old-growth forest species, right?” says Tomasevic. “That’s why we use them as indicators of forest health. However, they are also using suburban areas in the Greater Seattle region. Why is this? How are they doing? Are they successful, or it is just the remains of a past population that are using what is left of the forest not taken over by housing development?”

Come out this Friday to learn more about what this woodpecker is doing in such an unusual environment!

“Evening Talks at ONRC” is open to the public and is supported by the Rosmond Forestry Education Fund endowment. For more information about the program, contact Ellen Matheny at ematheny@uw.edu or 360.374.4556.

About the Speaker Series
In addition to bringing speakers and interesting research out to ONRC, the speaker series also provides a great opportunity for graduate students to gain experience presenting their research to the public, and to a generally non-scientific audience. For participating speakers, ONRC will cover travel expenses and provide lodging for the night, as well as a stipend of $200. The specific days of the events are flexible, and there will be openings coming up for January, March and May. If you are interested in giving a talk or know someone who would be a great fit for this series, please contact Karl Wirsing!

Photo © Ross Furbush.


“Tree of the Week” Sprouts Again!

In case you haven’t noticed—and that includes yours truly, who had to eat his words after making a snide remark about how no one was updating the display—the “Tree of the Week” spotlight in Anderson Hall is back in business!

Tree of the Week
Shannon Armitage and the refreshed “Tree of the Week” display.

For nearly two months now, SEFS graduate student Shannon Armitage has been cycling in a different tree species to feature each Monday. The display, in the glass case alongside the C. Frank Brockman Memorial to the left of the main entrance, features photos by Brockman, a map of the tree’s range, and then a short description of the habitat and other facts about the tree. There’s a second display, as well, outside by the bus stop just west of Anderson Hall.

Inside Anderson, this week’s featured tree is the Giant Chinkapin (Castanopsis chrysophylla), which is most common in northern California but also native to parts of Oregon and Washington. Outside by the bus stop, you’ll find Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana). Stop by and check them out the next time you’re around Anderson Hall, and make sure to thank Armitage—whom you’ll often find helping out at the front desk in AND 107—for reviving this SEFS tradition!

Photo © Karl Wirsing/SEFS.


Wildlife Seminar Kicks Off Today

This afternoon, the long-running and much-esteemed Wildlife Science Seminar (ESRM 455/554) begins for the Autumn Quarter! The seminars are open to the public, and you can enjoy the talks on Mondays from 3:30-4:20 p.m. in Bagley Hall, Room 131. Check out the full schedule below and mark your calendars!

Fall Schedule

September 30
Introduction to Class and Why Crows Matter
John Marzluff, SEFS

Brian Kertson
Brian Kertson and a captured cougar in western Washington.

October 7
Shifting Paradigms and New Challenges for Conserving Washington’s Large Carnivores in the 21st Century
Brian Kertson, Carnivore Research Scientist, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (for more background on Kertson, check out a profile we did of him a few months ago!)

October 14
David Lack and the Significance of Clutch Size in the House Sparrow
 
Ted Anderson, Emeritus Professor of Biology, McKendree University

October 21
Models, Mortality and Policy: Approaches to Urban Bird Conservation
Travis Longcore, The Urban Wildlands Group, Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California

October 28
Living with Wolves in Ranch Country 
Suzanne Stone, Western Wolf Conservation Representative for Defenders of Wildlife

November 4
European Rabbits or Seabirds—Which Would you Choose?
Scott Pearson, Senior Research Scientist, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife

November 11
No class, Veteran’s Day Holiday

November 18
Assessing the Compatibility of Fuel Treatments, Wildfire Risk and Conservation of Northern Spotted Owls in the Eastern Cascades: A Multiscale Analysis
Martin Raphael, Senior Research Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Forest Service

November 25
Aren’t Parks Protected Habitats? So Who Turned the Chainsaws Loose in Our State Parks?!

Robert Fimbel, Natural Resources Stewardship, Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission

December 2
Courtship in a Noisy World: Using Robots and Acoustic Arrays to Study Sexual Selection and Noise Impacts in a Threatened Bird
Gail Patricelli, Associate Professor, Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis

Photo © Brian Kertson


Director’s Message: Autumn 2013

Paul BunyanAs a kid growing up in Wisconsin, I had a pretty romantic view of forests, mountains, park rangers and foresters. I was too young to recognize some of the depleted woodlands to the north, but I definitely saw burly, 30-foot Paul Bunyan statues proudly displayed in towns across the state, and I equated the life of a forester with being outdoors and being a conservationist. And why not? Some of the greatest minds in conservation were initially foresters, including Aldo Leopold and John Muir, who both have deep connections in Wisconsin and in forest management—even though today these icons of land conservation are rarely described as foresters.

Muir was born in Scotland but grew up in Wisconsin. After he completed degrees in botany at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, he went to work as a forester and as a sawyer at a lumber mill in Indiana before heading west to ultimately promote land preservation. Leopold was born in Iowa but worked much of his life as a forester. He eventually joined the faculty at the University of Wisconsin, and through his observations in the woods created the notion of practical conservation and described the land ethic that lives on in many of us today.

So as I look out at our students in the halls this fall, I wonder about their connection to the land, and how they reflect on terms such as wilderness, conservation, forests, forestry and foresters. I wonder if they grew up in neighborhoods where they could escape to stroll through the woods and peacefully observe natural ecosystems at work. I also wonder, in this age of reality television and social media, if the concept of sustainable forest management can even compete with their screens—or if all that breaks through the stream of split-second updates are visions of clear-cutting, or an ESPN highlight of lumberjacks sawing for sport.

A Sand County Almanac
A Sand County Almanac, published in 1949, is the collection of essays in which Aldo Leopold described his “land ethic.”

After all, our population in the United States is increasingly urban, with current estimates that 80 percent of us now live in or around cities. That figure is growing by 1.2 percent every year, and the burgeoning Greater Puget Sound area alone could absorb 60 percent growth in the next 50 years. With this increasing urbanization often comes a dwindling understanding of both natural and working landscapes, and the role these lands play in our overall wellbeing.

That’s why we have such an important responsibility with conservation and forestry education here in this urban setting of Seattle. We are uniquely positioned to strengthen environmental values our students bring with them, and to cultivate new ties to the land. As professors and researchers and mentors, our mission is to teach our students about the value of forests and forest products in creating a sustainable society. Most importantly, it’s our job to train a workforce that can effectively manage these lands in a manner that simultaneously protects biodiversity and clean water and delivers an enduring supply of renewable building materials and other alternative forest products.

During the next 10 years, I hope to see forestry once again broadly equated with conservation and a strong ethic for the land. Developing that relationship, of course, is a lifelong process, and we now have programs in place at Pack Forest and the UW Botanic Gardens with the specific goal of getting kids out into the woods, and to initiate a relationship with the natural world at an early age. I’m excited to see that education nourished from preschool through high school, and to capture those budding foresters and conservationists in our undergraduate and graduate programs. With each class we reach, I can’t help but feel optimistic about the future of forestry—and our role in making sure forests and forest products play in central role in building a sustainable future for generations to come.


Keeping the Emerald City Green

Seattle has long been known as the Emerald City because of its lush green environment and beautiful trees, and the city of Seattle hopes to keep its neighborhoods green by actively planting new trees for future generations.

Trees for Neighborhoods
Seattle residents have until October 11 to apply for trees this year.

The greatest potential for planting trees in Seattle is on private residential property, so Seattle reLeaf—housed within Seattle Public Utilities—launched the “Trees for Neighborhoods” project a couple years ago to provide 1,000 free trees each fall for Seattle residents to plant in their yards and planting strips. And this year, for the first time, the University of Washington Botanic Gardens is working with the city to help distribute the trees and engage residents in urban forest stewardship.

The UW Botanic Gardens’ involvement may be new, but the project’s roots with the School of Environmental and Forest Sciences (SEFS) run deeper. In fact, Seattle reLeaf Program Manager Jana Dilley earned a joint Masters from SEFS and the Evans School of Public Affairs in 2010, and the Trees for Neighborhoods program was developed based on her thesis research. Now, Dilley and an intern, Katie Gibbons (who is also a current SEFS/Evans graduate student), manage the project.

The city is currently taking applications from interested residents who have space suitable for growing trees. To participate, you must live in Seattle. You can apply to receive up to four trees per household, and when you come to the UW Botanic Gardens’ Center for Urban Horticulture to pick up your plants—either on October 19 or November 3—you’ll receive a brief training on how to properly plant and care for the trees, as well as free watering bags. You’ll also get ongoing care reminders and opportunities for additional training, like pruning workshops, says Jessica Farmer, continuing education coordinator for the UW Botanic Gardens. Farmer is managing the support from the university side, including help with outreach, tree storage, distribution and training.

If you’re hoping to plant in your yard, you have until October 11 to apply for trees. The deadline to apply for street trees has passed, unfortunately, but if you’re interested in receiving advance notice of next year’s application opening, email treesforneighborhoods@seattle.gov.

Trees for Neighborhoods
A number of varieties are already sold out for this year, but you can add your name to the waiting list or sign up to receive early notice when the application process kicks off next year.

As for your tree options, many varieties are already sold out for this year, yet Farmer recommends that you add your name to the waiting list, as more than 50 percent of those on the waiting list received trees last year. This year’s trees with the shortest waiting lists are Austrian pine and Oriental spruce. These larger conifers are often the hardest to place, but Seattle reLeaf encourages residents who have the space to plant them. As they grow and mature, these conifers offer ideal cover for birds and other wildlife, stabilize soil with their roots, and help keep Puget Sound and other water bodies clean by trapping rain runoff and pollutants.

Right now, the trees are still at the growers and will be delivered to the Center for Urban Horticulture in early October. That’s where participating residents will pick up their trees during the distribution days on either October 19 or November 3.

If you have questions about the application process or how to get involved, Seattle reLeaf has assembled a host of great resources to help you navigate the program, including an online and paper option for the application, an up-to-date list of available trees, and “Things To Consider When Planting a Tree” and “Frequently Asked Questions” pages. You can also direct inquiries to treesforneighborhoods@seattle.gov or 206.615.1668.

Photos © Courtesy of Seattle reLeaf


An October Hike with Tom Hinckley!

If those first whiffs of fall have been intoxicating to you, then make sure to sign up for a full-on autumn immersion this October when Professor Emeritus Tom Hinckley leads one of his famous alumni hikes into the Methow Valley!

Methow Valley
What awaits you in the Methow Valley this October!

On Saturday, October 5, and Sunday, October 6, Hinckley is planning to gather up to 20 folks for two days of trekking. Depending on the weather, interest and ability levels, he’ll select from a range of hikes focused on Rainy and Washington passes, Cutthroat Lake and Pass, Hart’s Pass, Goat Peak and a few other options, with the goal of finding reasonable weather and subalpine larch.

For those responding early, Hinckley is offering space for about eight hikers at a house very near the Mazama Country Inn . There are two bedrooms with queen-sized beds, plus a loft with a fold-down bed and several thick sleeping pads (enough space, he found this past May, to fit eight students). The house has a large balcony and porch, and full food services and showers will be available.

You don’t have to stay there to join the fun, and faculty, staff and students are also welcome to take part. So if you’re interested in joining the hike or would like more information, contact Hinckley at hinckley@uw.edu or call 206.525.1396.

Photo © Tom Hinckley.


A Winning Wager

The seasonal Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone remains one of the largest in the world, and several scientists have developed models to help forecast the size of the zone each year. Measurements of the areal extent of the zone have occurred since 1985, and those data typically become available between late July and early August.

Trying to anticipate these measurements provides a “battle of the models” opportunity, as modelers can create their predictions and test their estimates against the official numbers. So this past June, Gene Turner, a professor of Oceanography and Coastal Studies at Louisiana State University and one of the original researchers who started studying the Gulf hypoxic zone, challenged SEFS Professor Sergey Rabotyagov to a friendly scientific wager to test their alternative models.

Sergey Rabotyagov
Professor Rabotyagov shows off the winning prize for his forecast of the Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone.

Using 2011 and 2012 numbers, Rabotyagov’s model had been more accurate than Turner’s and the other existing model for predicting the hypoxic zone, which was created by Professor Donald Scavia of the University of Michigan. When the hypoxic measurements became available for 2013, though, all three researchers were surprised to find their models over-predicted the size of the hypoxic zone. Professor Scavia’s estimates were actually closest this year, but Rabotyagov’s model did outperform Professor Turner’s model—and since the wager was only between the two of them, Rabotyagov claimed the prize: A frilly Detroit Red Wings beanie.

Still, two out of three for Rabotyagov is pretty impressive, and he also stresses other positive takeaways from these models and data. “Although the comparison of observed and predicted hypoxia clearly suggests that our ability to predict any given year’s hypoxic zone with a high level of accuracy is limited,” he says, “all of the existing models emphasize the role that upland areas have in creating and also mitigating this important environmental issue.”

Turner and Rabotyagov are working together as a part of a National Science Foundation-funded study to figure out how best to reduce the hypoxic zone, and they will likely tweak and test their models again next year!

Photo of Professor Rabotyagov © SEFS; graph below © Professor Rabotyagov.

Forecast comparisons
Comparison of the three models, with Professor Rabotyagov’s in green. His estimates were the closest to actual numbers in 2011 and 2012, and in 2013 his model performed second of the three (but bested Professor Turner’s to win the wager)!

The Bear Essentials

When you think about salmon in Alaska, you might picture grizzly bears standing in a gushing stream and snapping up spawning fish as they leap against the current. (Even a Steamfresh® Chef’s Favorites frozen dinner commercial plays off this image, as does this John West Red Salmon clip).

But for all the iconic footage of salmon runs, this annual rite of passage and predation has gone largely unstudied from the point of view of individual bears—especially outside of easily observable areas.

The challenge is that observations of bears are generally too few and too close to reveal natural feeding behavior, so most of what we know about the bear-salmon relationship comes from fish carcass surveys: We see what’s been eaten, but not always who did the eating, or how often or where or when. That leaves a lot of unknowns, including how many bears hunt along salmon spawning-streams, and whether bears return to the same stream year after year.

To answer these questions and others, two units in the College of the Environment—the School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences (SAFS) and the School of Environmental and Forest Sciences (SEFS)—have launched a coordinated research project.

Professors Wirsing and Quinn
Professors Aaron Wirsing, left, and Tom Quinn. Since 1993, Quinn’s research has explored a number of dimensions of the salmon-bear relationship, including the effects of stream characteristics on bear predation rate, size selectivity, density dependence, evolutionary consequences and links to nutrient cycling.

Led by SAFS Professor Tom Quinn and SEFS Professor Aaron Wirsing, this new study is investigating coastal brown bear (Ursus arctos) abundance and behavior along sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) spawning streams in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Their project draws from decades of existing salmon research and introduces a completely new perspective by exploring individual brown bear behavior, including monitoring bears through remote cameras and collecting hair samples for DNA analysis.

The research team is housed at the Fisheries Research Institute, a program within SAFS, and based in the village of Aleknagik. In addition to Professors Quinn and Wirsing, the crew includes SAFS graduate student Curry Cunningham and Professor Lisette Waits from the University of Idaho.

Their work began in 2010 by placing the first cameras along salmon-spawning streams in the Wood River Lakes System. In July 2012, they then deployed barbed wire across three streams to begin snagging tufts of hair from foraging bears. This past summer, they expanded the research area and deployed two barbed wires each on six streams. One wire per stream is paired with a remote camera trap to document what happens when bears encounter the wires. The wires are set just high enough—55-60 centimeters—for bears to step gingerly over them, often leaving small tufts of hair behind (when good samples are collected, they call it a “good hair day”). The hairs, in turn, yield DNA samples that help researchers identify individual bears.

Hair Tuft
A tuft of brown bear hair snagged on a wire.

The study is designed to be noninvasive, so among the questions to answer was whether the wires would impact or otherwise disrupt bear behavior and hunting. Judging from the camera images so far—including many taken at night (see slideshow below)—the bears appear largely unconcerned with the wires, often stepping over and under multiple times in a single encounter (in the process, of course, leaving collectible tufts of hair).

In the first year of hair sampling last summer, the team collected 74 tufts from wires along Bear, Happy, and Hansen creeks. They have analyzed 41 of the samples so far and have successfully identified 15 different individuals—eleven females, four males, and all brown bears.

Field work is just winding down for this summer (at left, check out a slideshow of photos Professor Wirsing took a few weeks ago). They plan to continue the project for a few more years, and as researchers sort through several hundred new samples to analyze, they’re excited to open this window into a largely unseen and unstudied realm of bear behavior.

“Outside of a few highly visible areas, such as the McNeil River, the behavior of brown bears foraging on salmon has been largely shrouded in mystery,” says Wirsing. “We hope our work will reveal how feeding and social behavior of individual bears are shaped by the arrival of migrating salmon—and by extension how coastal brown bear populations might be affected by changes to the size and timing of salmon runs.”

***
Super Salmon
In the short video clip below, Professor Wirsing captures sockeye salmon swimming up Hansen Creek, which in some places is only a couple inches deep as it approaches Lake Aleknagik. You’ll get a glimpse—a tiny glimpse, mind you—of the herculean effort it takes for salmon to reach their spawning grounds. Their exertion is nothing short of heroic during this brutal slog. After all, even when they manage to dodge the maw of a hungry grizzly, they still have to muscle their way through narrow, shallow streams to reach their final destinations. In some cases, a few of the larger males get too fatigued to maneuver through the shallowest sections and end up stranded. Those beached souls then sometimes have to suffer through gulls pecking their eyes out as a final insult. No question, it’s an unforgiving business.

Slideshow photos, hair tuft and salmon video © Aaron Wirsing; all other photos © Tom Quinn.